Hyperparathyroidism and diabetes are two conditions that can significantly affect daily well-being and overall quality of life. While many patients suffer from either disease, a notable overlap exists between the two. Does hyperparathyroidism cause diabetes, or vice versa? What changes occur in diabetes management after treating hyperparathyroidism? Ongoing research continues to explore these questions, but current findings provide valuable insight for patients with a double diagnosis.
The Connection Between Hyperparathyroidism and Diabetes
The medical community has acknowledged a connection between hyperparathyroidism and diabetes mellitus for decades. A 2001 study reported that individuals with both disorders are approximately three times more common than in the general population. Based on these findings, researchers recommend routine screening for hypercalcemia (a hallmark of hyperparathyroidism) in diabetic patients.
A more recent study found that primary hyperparathyroidism and type 2 diabetes may be linked. Patients with hyperparathyroidism are more likely to develop insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes. However, not every hyperparathyroidism patient seems to have the same risk. Importantly, researchers in this study found that surgical removal of the abnormal parathyroid may improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in some patients.
The Impact of Hyperparathyroidism on Blood Sugar and Insulin Levels
To understand how hyperparathyroidism might affect glucose and insulin levels, we must understand the changes associated with this disorder. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when an abnormality on one or more parathyroid glands prohibits it from correctly monitoring calcium levels in the bloodstream. As a result, the parathyroid gland begins producing more parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium, sometimes to dangerous levels.
The most common type of primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by elevated calcium and PTH levels. Scientists now know that too much calcium and PTH can increase a patient’s insulin resistance and glycemic index. The result may be abnormal blood sugar and insulin levels, which can lead to diabetes mellitus in some patients.
Recognizing Diabetes Mellitus with Hyperparathyroidism
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been linked to hyperparathyroidism, though their underlying mechanisms differ.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the pancreas makes little or no insulin. A patient must take insulin regularly to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. This type of diabetes is often linked to secondary hyperparathyroidism, as diabetes itself may increase the risk of developing the condition.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and reduced insulin production. Risk factors include a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and family history. Type 2 diabetes can also occur in patients with hyperparathyroidism due to the effects of increased calcium and PTH levels on the body’s blood sugar regulation.
Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus with Hyperparathyroidism
In patients who have been diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism, insulin resistance should be a consideration for their physician. Fortunately, the symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ from hyperparathyroidism symptoms and might include:
- Extreme thirst
- Increased hunger
- Blurred vision
- Headaches
- Irritability
Additional symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:
- Poor wound healing
- Itching
- Tingling and numbness in feet and hands
- Frequent infections
Two shared symptoms between hyperparathyroidism and diabetes include increased urination and fatigue. Patients who report these symptoms and any of the above should have their glycemic index tested. Untreated diabetes can lead to severe complications, including organ failure and ketoacidosis.
Managing Hyperparathyroidism and Diabetes for Better Health
Studies have shown that treating hyperparathyroidism can improve insulin resistance and glycemic control in some patients. The gold standard treatment for hyperparathyroidism is a parathyroidectomy, which involves surgically removing the abnormal parathyroid gland. This procedure:
- Restores calcium balance
- Reduces PHT levels
- May enhance blood sugar regulation
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy techniques offer patients a quick and effective solution with minimal discomfort and recovery time. A parathyroidectomy is the only “cure” for hyperparathyroidism. Once the abnormal parathyroid is gone, the other glands begin to function normally again.
Learn More About Hyperparathyroidism and Diabetes Today
Both diabetes and hyperparathyroidism are serious diseases that require prompt attention. When they occur together, the hyperparathyroidism and diabetes risk can be even more dangerous. If you have one condition and suspect the other, contact your doctor for a thorough evaluation and tailored treatment plan.
Dr. Babak Larian is a board-certified otolaryngologist with extensive experience in diseases of the parathyroid glands, including hyperparathyroidism. His diagnostic expertise ensures that patients receive accurate diagnoses through blood testing and innovative scanning techniques. He also performs a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) for patients with hyperparathyroidism.
Don’t delay getting the treatment you need. Contact our office today to learn more or schedule your consultation online.
