Hyperparathyroidism and autoimmune diseases can both be challenging to diagnose due to the vague and overlapping nature of their symptoms. But do the similarities end there? While there is not a decisive link between hyperparathyroidism and autoimmune diseases, evidence suggests a connection is possible. For patients dealing with both conditions, the journey to diagnosis and treatment can be complex and frustrating.
The Hyperparathyroidism and Autoimmune Disease Connection
Some studies suggest hyperparathyroidism is linked to specific autoimmune diseases, including:
- Autoimmune thyroid disease
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- Sjögren’s syndrome/Gougerot disease
Autoimmune thyroid disorders, the most common types of autoimmune endocrine disorders, have been linked to other autoimmune diseases, such as Type 1 diabetes. One study linked them to hyperparathyroidism, while another study found a higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with hyperparathyroidism.
A 2016 study found a link between rheumatoid arthritis and hyperparathyroidism in a single patient. More recently, a 2023 study indicated that individuals with rheumatologic diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, may face an increased risk of developing primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). These studies hint at a potential triggering effect of rheumatoid conditions on PHPT, warranting further investigation.
Hyperparathyroidism and the Immune System
Several studies have demonstrated a link between PHPT and general immune system function. One study revealed that patients with end-stage renal disease had altered immune function, partially attributed to elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. An earlier study also linked high PTH levels in patients with chronic renal failure to impaired immune function. If left untreated, hyperparathyroidism may contribute to immune dysfunction, potentially increasing the risk of additional health complications.
Is Hyperparathyroidism an Autoimmune Disease?
There is not a condition classified as autoimmune hyperparathyroidism. However, autoimmune parathyroid disease does exist and manifests as hypoparathyroidism. In this condition, the immune system attacks the parathyroid glands, reducing PTH production and causing abnormally low calcium levels.
Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism may include tingling or burning in the hands and feet, muscle aches and spasms, and fatigue. Treatment typically consists of calcium supplementation and, in some cases, PTH replacement therapy.
Symptoms of Autoimmune Diseases in Hyperparathyroidism Patients
Both hyperparathyroidism and autoimmune diseases are characterized by a broad range of vague symptoms that make them challenging to identify. Common autoimmune disease symptoms include:
- Joint pain and swelling
- Digestive issues or pain
- Persistent fatigue
- Skin abnormalities
- Swollen glands
- Recurring fever
Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism also have an extensive list of potential symptoms that can overlap with immune disorders. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by an enlargement of one or more parathyroid glands. Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs with another condition, like vitamin D deficiency. Symptoms of both conditions include:
- Persistent fatigue
- Joint and muscle pain
- Stomach pain and digestive issues
- Difficulty focusing or concentrating
- Frequent urination
- Sleep issues
Patients with these conditions often complain of a general feeling of malaise or not feeling like themselves. Autoimmune disorders are typically managed by a rheumatologist or immunologist, while parathyroid specialists diagnose and treat hyperparathyroidism.
Diagnosing Hyperparathyroidism and Autoimmune Diseases
Hyperparathyroidism diagnosis begins with blood testing to check PTH and calcium levels. In classic cases of PHPT, both levels will be elevated. However, some patients may have elevated PTH with normal calcium amounts or vice versa.
An expert in parathyroid disorders will know how to assess symptoms, interpret blood test results, and order further testing if necessary. Additional blood testing for vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorous levels may provide more insight. A 24-hour urine test can also help diagnose PHPT. Scans help determine which parathyroid gland is abnormal and requires treatment.
Blood tests also help diagnose autoimmune disorders. These tests look for antibodies that may be attacking your body’s tissues. However, some patients will have antibodies but never get sick. Imaging may also be used to identify joint or tissue damage linked to autoimmune conditions.
Managing Hyperparathyroidism for Better Immune Health
Since high PTH levels can adversely impact immune function, treating hyperparathyroidism is critical. The most effective treatment is a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP). This procedure involves removing the affected parathyroid gland while preserving the thyroid and other parathyroid glands.
At the Center for Advanced Parathyroid Surgery, Dr. Larian performs MIP using local anesthetic. The procedure typically lasts under 20 minutes, requires a small incision to remove the parathyroid gland, and leaves almost no visible scarring behind. Patients return home within an hour of the operation, and recovery is typically quick and comfortable.
Untreated hyperparathyroidism may exacerbate immune dysfunction and increase the risk of additional health issues. If you suspect hyperparathyroidism, don’t wait — contact our office today or book your consultation online and take the first step toward better health.
